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The bilateral relations between the Republic of Iraq and the Republic of India have traditionally been friendly and collaborative. Cultural interaction and economic trade between ancient India and Mesopotamia date back to 1800 BCE. The 1952 Treaty of Friendship established and strengthened ties between contemporary India and Iraq. By the 1970s, Iraq was regarded as one of India's closest allies in the Middle East. Ties between India and Iraq were disrupted during the Iran-Iraq War, the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 Iraq War. However, the bilateral relations normalised after the establishment of democratic government in Iraq. ==History== Ties between Shias in Iraq and Shias in India. ''Roots of North Indian Shi'ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion and State in Awadh, 1722-1859'' by J.R.I. Cole. Shi'i Indians funded the Hindiyya canal in the Iraqi city of Najaf. North India's Awadh (Oudh) state was Shi'i and it provided funding to the Iraqi Shi'i shrine cities of Karbala and Najaf, channeling the money towards Persian mujtahids in the cities. The Hindiyya canal was finished in 1803 and money was able to be channeled to the Shi'i shrines cities like Najaf from India and Iran because western colonization did not touch Shi'i areas until the end of the 19th century. Mir Jafar was an Iraqi Shia Arab from Najaf who moved to India and became the Nawab of Bengal. The Iraqi Shia writer and poet Muzaffar Al-Nawab is of Indian descent.〔http://www.alapn.com/en/news.php?cat=1&id=5269〕〔http://www.alkitab.com/15748.html〕〔http://www.amazon.co.uk/Poetic-Muzaffar-al-Nawab-Nawab-Yuqub/dp/9933402293〕 Iraq was one of the few countries in the Middle East with which India established diplomatic relations at the embassy level immediately after its independence in 1947.〔(US-Iraq War: India's Middle East policy )〕 Both nations signed the "Treaty of Perpetual Peace and Friendship" in 1952 and an agreement of co-operation on cultural affairs in 1954.〔 India was amongst the first to recognise the Baath Party-led government, and Iraq remained neutral during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. However, Iraq sided alongside other Gulf States in supporting Pakistan against India during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, which saw the creation of Bangladesh.〔 Nonetheless, Iraq and India continued to maintain strong economic and military ties. During the early 1980s, the Indian Air Force was training more than 120 Iraqi MiG-21 pilots. The security relationship was expanded in 1975, when the Indian Army sent training teams and the Indian Navy established a naval academy in Basra. According to one account, Indian pilots flew support missions for the Iraqi Air Force in Hussein’s 1975 offensive against Kurdish separatists. India continued to provide considerable military assistance to Iraq through the Iran-Iraq war. In addition to training, India provided technical assistance to the Iraqi Air Force through a complicated tripartite arrangement involving France. 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url= https://www.academia.edu/7992850/Extract_from_Indias_Ocean_-_Indias_defence_relations_with_Iraq_under_Saddam_Hussein )〕 The eight-year-long Iran–Iraq War caused a steep decline in trade and commerce between the two nations.〔 During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, India was opposed to the use of force against Iraq. India stopped the refueling of military planes after the second week of war in 1991. Iraq had been one of India's largest export markets before the 1991 gulf war.〔 It opposed UN sanctions on Iraq, but the period of war and Iraq's isolation further diminished India's commercial and diplomatic ties.〔 From 1999 onwards, Iraq and India began to work towards a stronger relationship. Iraq had supported India's right to conduct nuclear tests following its tests of five nuclear weapons on May 11 and May 13, 1998.〔 In 2000, the then-Vice President of Iraq Taha Yassin Ramadan visited India, and on August 6, 2002 President Saddam Hussein conveyed Iraq's "unwavering support" to India over the Kashmir dispute with Pakistan.〔〔(India, Iraq Agree on Co-operation )〕 India and Iraq established joint ministerial committees and trade delegations to promote extensive bilateral co-operation.〔(Iraq prizes ties with India: Saddam )〕〔(Iraq Economic and Commercial Relations )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「India–Iraq relations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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